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( vote)روان پریشی یا سایکوز در افراد
روان پریشی یا سایکوز یک وضعیت روانیِ غیر طبیعی است که برای بیان حالت از دست رفتن توانایی تشخیص واقعیت از خیال در علم روانشناسی و روان‌پزشکی کاربرد دارد و اصلی‌ترین ویژگی آن قطع ارتباط مغز با دنیای واقعیات است. در این شرایط علائمی از قبیل توهم یعنی درک نادرست از واقعیات موجود و هذیان یعنی دیدن و یا شنیدن غیر عمد چیزی که اصلا وجود خارجی ندارد؛ پدیدار می‌شود اما زمانی نام اختلال بر این حالت گذاشته می‌شود که علائم موجود، موجب اختلال در کارکرد فرد شود. همین طور از علائم دیگر، رفتار آشفته، گفتار آشفته و اختلال در قضاوت می‌توان نام برد.
از علل ظهور سایکوز یا روان‌پریشی می‌توان به عوامل ارثی و ژنتیکی، عوامل جسمی و محیطی، تنش‌های شدید روانی و استرس؛ اشاره کرد. همین طور عواملی از جمله مصرف الکل و بعضی از داروهای خاص، تومورهای مغزی، اختلال اسکیزوافکتیو، حملات عصبی و تشنجی و افسردگی، می‌تواند در بروز روان‌پریشی موثر باشد یا به سرعت رشد آن کمک کند.
در افراد مبتلا به سایکوز کاهش عملکرد شغلی، تحصیلی و اجتماعی ممکن است اتفاق بیفتد و در صورت درمان نشدن احتمال این عوارض بسیار بیشتر هم است. در وضعیت حاد احتمال آسیب زدن به خود و دیگران وجود دارد.
درمان بسته به علت و شدت آن متفاوت است. در صورت شدت، در اکثر موارد بستری شدن در بیمارستان‌های اعصاب و روان لازم است. هم چنین داروهایی که توهمات شنوایی و هذیان‌ها را کاهش می‌دهند و داروهای پایدار کننده‌ی تفکر و رفتار، مکمل درمان محسوب می‌شود. روان درمانی، گروه درمانی و مشاوره نیز کمک‌کننده هستند. اگر درمان در بروز اولیه و تازه‌ی اختلال شکل گیرد، بیشتر بیماران مبتلا به شکل قابل توجهی بهبود می یابند.
سامانه آموزش و تدریس آنلاین فارسی زبانان edufinior | سامانه ثبت برند یکپارچه سازی و تبلیغات finior | نام اول خدمات ورزشی سامانه فروش و درآمدزایی murmur | سامانه هوشمند سلامتی پروویت provit | سیستم ردیابی اسناد الکترونیکی ایران edts
Psychotic disorders are severe mental health conditions. This group of neurological disorders changes the way a person thinks, feels and behaves. Psychosis, a shared symptom among psychotic disorders, is characterized by the presence of hallucinations and delusions.
Contrary to widespread beliefs, psychotic disorders are neither permanent nor impossible to manage on an outpatient basis. They are treatable psychiatric condition that can be controlled with medication and therapy.
Types of Psychotic Disorders
Psychotic disorders can be short- or long-term conditions. People can experience a single psychotic episode triggered by extreme stress or other temporary changes to the brain. They can also deal with multiple psychotic breaks.
Many types of psychotic disorders exist. Schizophrenia is the most common type of psychotic disorder and is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. But other types of psychotic conditions can also create significant health problems.
Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder
When psychotic disorders and substance abuse co-occur, substance-induced psychotic disorder can take form. Substance-induced psychotic disorder has similar features to schizophrenia but is solely caused by the effects of drugs or alcohol.
The telltale symptom of substance-induced psychotic disorder is psychosis. Unlike other disorders involving psychosis, substance-induced psychotic disorder produces psychosis caused by using drugs or alcohol.
To be diagnosed with a substance-induced psychotic disorder, a person must experience:
- Prominent and elaborate drug-induced hallucinations
- No insight that these hallucinations are caused by drugs
- Prominent delusions that they believe are real or those that are acted upon
To be diagnosed with substance-induced psychotic disorder, symptoms must occur during intoxication or withdrawal from a substance. Symptoms cannot occur exclusively in a delirious state and cannot be secondary to a psychotic disorder that is not substance-induced.
For example, if someone experienced psychotic symptoms before they began using drugs or alcohol, it is likely that their substance use worsened or triggered an underlying condition. In this instance, substance-induced psychotic disorder is not applicable.
Delusional Disorder
Delusional disorder is a condition characterized by the presence of delusions rather than visual or auditory hallucinations. People with delusional disorder do not experience overtly bizarre behavior or significant functional impairments.
People with delusional disorder deal with false beliefs that typically involve plausible yet untrue scenarios. Individuals with this condition typically exhibit at least one of five categories of delusions:
- Erotomanic delusions (beliefs that another person is in love with them)
- Grandiose delusions (beliefs that they have special status, power, or relationships)
- Jealous delusions (unsupported beliefs that sexual partners are being unfaithful)
- Persecutory delusions (beliefs that others intend them harm or are harming them)
- Somatic delusions (beliefs that the body has been changed or had parts replaced)
To be diagnosed with delusional disorder, these symptoms cannot occur exclusively alongside a mood episode. They also cannot be cause by drug or alcohol use.
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Brief psychotic disorder occurs in individuals who experience psychotic symptoms — such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or disorganized behavior — for less than a month.
People with brief psychotic disorder return to their previous level of functioning after the brief psychotic episode has passed. This condition often occurs in response to significant increased stress or physical conditions that affect the brain.
Causes of Psychotic Disorders
Psychosis and psychotic disorders are typically caused by chemical changes in the brain. Trauma can trigger the onset of psychotic conditions, but it is rarely considered to be the sole cause.
Acute stress can provoke a psychotic break, especially when it occurs alongside a medical condition or substance abuse. But unless a person has an underlying disorder, these episodes quickly resolve and rarely recur. Psychotic episodes triggered by substance use and stress rarely develop into chronic conditions like schizophrenia.
While the specific brain mechanisms behind schizophrenia are disputed, research suggests it is linked to atypical patterns of communication between the prefrontal cortex — the part of the brain that controls judgment and planning — and the parts of the brain that control emotion and memory.
Symptoms of Psychotic Disorders
Hallucinations and delusions are telltale symptoms of psychotic disorders. However, psychotic conditions can result in several other health complications that can affect many facets of a person’s life.
